अंग्रेजी भाषा (English Language)

Write an essay in about 800 to 1000 words on any ONE of the following issues. The essay should reveal candidates originality and creativity. (a) Foreign employment has emerged as one of Nepal's principal sources of national income. What are the leading factors behind youth migration and its impact on society and the economy? Additionally, discuss how Nepal can effectively utilize its human resources to achieve sustainable development. (b) A prosperous nation is built upon the foundations of good governance. In recent years, Nepal's Gen-Z generation has increasingly voiced concerns over corruption, transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership. Analyze how the growing civic awareness and activism of Nepal's youth can contribute to minimizing corruption and strengthening efficient public administration. (c) Nepal's unique geopolitical position between two rising global powers has consistently drawn attention of regional and international stakeholders. Critically examine the political, economic and strategic motives of foreign powers in Nepal. How can Nepal maintain balanced relationships with the world powers in the existing geopolitical strategies to protect her sovereignty, advance national development, and uphold an independent foreign policy?

Translate the following text into Nepali literally without losing the sense and spirit of the original. In analyzing the factors which affect readability, we can distinguish three components: writer, text and readers. First, the writer, principally by careful selection of material, by organization, signposting and variation of emphasis, affects the readability of the text. If the writer's choices accurately reflect the interests, needs and prior knowledge of the readers, the text is more likely to be readable. Second, the text itself affects readability. Both the language (structures and vocabulary) and the physical appearance (layout, headings, white space) contribute to the efficiency of the communication. Third, the readers' motivation and attitudes contribute to their responses to the text. For example, someone with a bet on the Derby finds the racing results highly readable, though they are hardly a model of prose for report writing. Clearly, whether readers find what they expect to find in a text affects their attitudes, and therefore the text's readability. Here, good titling and signposting will help improve the overall readability. If readers are clearly warned what to expect, and are shown frequent signposts along the way, they are unlikely to stumble over incorrect ideas about what the text is saying. The readers' mental states will also affect readability. The writer may be able to do little about distractions or tiredness, but he or she can reduce their impact. By making a text more readable, the writer reduces fatigue during reading and avoids irritating readers by inflated choices of language.

Translate the following text into English without losing the sense and spirit of the original. आजको विश्व परिस्थिति दिन परदिन झन् जटिल बन्दै गएको छ। भूमण्डलीकरणका कारण समग्र विश्व नै एक गाउँ जस्तो भएको छ। यस परिस्थितिमा कुनै राष्ट्र नितान्त एक्लै रहन सक्दैन। विशेष गरी छिमेकी राष्ट्रहरू बिचको भूराजनीति झन् बढी सम्वेदनशील हुने गर्छ। आन्तरिकरूपमा कुनै देशको राजनीति त्यहाँको सामाजिक समूहहरूलाई सन्तुलनमा राखे पुग्छ। तर आर्थिक क्षेत्रमा विदेशी राष्ट्रसँग सम्बन्ध नराखी अर्थतन्त्र गतिशील हुन सक्दैन। पहिलेको जस्तो वस्तु विनिमयको युग पनि यो होइन। आजको परिस्थितिमा आफूलाई चाहिने सबै प्रकारका वस्तुहरू उत्पादन गर्न सकिँदैन। यसो गर्न सम्भव नै भयो भनेपनि अर्थतन्त्रको समुचित विकास हुन सक्दैन। कच्चा पदार्थको उपलब्धतादेखि लिएर उत्पादित वस्तुहरूको बिक्री वितरण हुने वातावरण पनि आवश्यक हुन्छ। तसर्थ विशेष गरी व्यवसाय र बन्दव्यापारको निम्ति अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय निर्भरता आजको यथार्थ हो। तसर्थ जुन देशको सरकारले यो सवालमा उपयुक्त परराष्ट्र नीति अवलम्बन गर्न सक्दैन, त्यो राष्ट्रको सरकार असफल हुन्छ। अर्को महत्वपूर्ण पक्ष संस्कृति हो। यस अन्तर्गत शिक्षा, सञ्चार, प्रविधि आदि पर्दछन्। सञ्चार प्रविधिको तिब्र विकास भईरहेको सन्दर्भमा यसको प्रभावबाट कुनैपनि राष्ट्रका नागरिक अलग हुन सक्दैनन्। यस अर्थमा राष्ट्रहरूका बिचमा सांस्कृतिक आदानप्रदान कसरी हुन्छ भन्ने कुरा पनि त्यतिकै महत्वपूर्ण हुन्छ। यसरी परराष्ट्र नीतिले राजनीतिक, आर्थिक र सांस्कृतिक सबै तहमा सन्तुलित कूटनीतिक सम्बन्ध राख्नु अपरिहार्य छ।

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below. Nepal has long established its image and identity as a nation that is known for economic dynamism. Kautilya's Arthashastra has mentioned that Nepal's Radi-Pakhi were exported to the then state of Magadh, and mines also used to be explored and excavated. During the Lichchhavi period, Nepali goods used to be exported, and Nepali currency was recognized and was in circulation, in Tibet as well. The excellence attained by Nepali arts and engineering during the Malla period hints that the education system of that time was practical and focused on producing skilled manpower. Despite the foundation for economic development that was laid with the unification of several small princely states into Nepal, the country fell behind in economic and social development due to political instability that followed the Kot Massacre of 1846. The 104 years of Rana regime were characterized by a medieval, feudal and centralized governance system, personal abuse of the state treasury, and minimal access of the people to basic needs including education and health, and lack of attention to the infrastructure development. As a result, Nepal gradually started falling behind in the economic activities that were being expanded since ancient times. Although the procedures and the systems required for the governance structure were initiated in the decade-long political transition period following the advent of democracy in 1951, Nepal could not develop as expected due to the lack of governance system accountable to the citizens in almost three-decades-long party-less panchayat system. The open political environment and economic reform measures in the post-1990s had led to the expansion of economic activities. The development, however, was not as expected due to the decade-long conflict that followed. The current Constitution of Nepal drafted by the historical constituent assembly established by the People's Movement of 2006 has institutionalized a federal democratic republic governance system and thereby opened the avenue for achieving economic prosperity. The Constitution of Nepal has set the national agenda as achieving good governance, development, and prosperity while being committed to socialism that would be based on democratic values and norms. It has also provided a direction for ensuring prosperity, economic equality, and social justice by putting an end to all kinds of discrimination by eliminating the remnants of feudalism. The fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution and the provisions mentioned in the directive principles, policies, and obligations of the state are also to be implemented. New governance arrangements and systems have created a basis for nation-building through peace and stability. Building on this political and policy stability, it is imperative to prepare the basis of development and prosperity by improving the living standards of Nepali citizens so that this dividend of change can be received by the very present generation and felt by the common people. As per the international commitment, Nepal needs to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. SDGs are being internalized and localized in the development programs of the federal, provincial, and local levels as per the commitment of leaving no one behind in all dimensions of development. As Nepal has been lagging in socioeconomic development compared to other nations of similar ranks in the past, it is imperative to make giant strides in the pace of socioeconomic development. Questions: (a) What are the evidences cited by the text to prove that Nepal has an established image as economically dynamic country? (b) According to the passage, what are the national agendas set by Nepal's Constitution? (c) What is the 'dividend of change' that needs to be received by the very present generation? (d) What are the arrangements made to realize the international commitment of "leaving no one behind"? (e) Why do you think Nepal has fallen behind in the economic activities after the Kot massacre?

Summarize the following passage into one-third of its original length: An educated man should know what is first-rate in those activities which spring from the creative and intellectual faculties of human nature, such as literature, art, architecture, and music. I should like to add science and philosophy, but in these two subjects it is difficult for any but the expert to estimate quality, and many educated people have not the close knowledge necessary to judge work in them. On the other hand, everyone has close and daily contact with the other four. Architecture surrounds him in every city, literature meets him on every bookstall, music assails his ears on his radio set and from every juke-box; and art in its protean aspects of form and color is a part of daily life. The architecture may often be bad, the literature and music often puerile, the art often undeserving of the name; but that is all the more reason why we should be able, in all of them, to distinguish good from bad. To judge by the literature offered us in hotel book-stands, and by most of the music played on the radio and by juke-boxes, we might be more discriminating in these fields than we are. Some might say that music and art and literature are not essentials of life but its frills, but one can reply that, if so, it is curious that they are among the few immortal things in the world, and that, should a man wish to be remembered two thousand years hence, the only certain way is to write a great poem or book, compose a great symphony, paint a great picture, carve a great sculpture, or build a great building. If one has any doubts about this, he/she can consider why long-dead people like Plato and Shakespeare, Michelangelo and Raphael, Ictinus and Bramante, are remembered today. The argument goes that no one has a right to feel himself educated if he does not know what is first-rate in his daily occupation and (so far as this is possible) in those fields where the creative and intellectual powers of man are revealed. But there is another job much more difficult than teaching or nursing or business or medicine, in which we are all concerned-the job of living; and there surely, as much as in any other pursuit, we need to know what is first-rate. Is not our education very incomplete if we do not know what is excellent in human nature and in life; if in that field we are taken in by second-rate, shoddy stuff? Here our age is far less successful than in medicine, or engineering, or the sciences. We need clearer standards, that is, we need to have a clearer idea about the distinction between first-rate and second-rate, between good and bad, in conduct and in life.

Answer the following questions: (a) Suppose, you are stationed in Tokyo, Japan, serving as the Deputy Chief of Mission at your country's embassy. Your ambassador has been invited to deliver a speech before Naruhito, the Emperor of Japan, during the celebration of the Emperor's Birthday. Draft a first-person speech for the ambassador to deliver on this special occasion. (b) You are posted as Second Secretary at one of the Embassies of Nepal. Draft a Third Person Note (Note Verbale) addressed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the host country with a request for a meeting between the Nepali Ambassador and the Foreign Minister regarding the state of Nepali diaspora in that country. Ensure proper diplomatic tone and structure.